Mariela reshevsky wikipedia

Polish-American chess grandmaster (1911–1992)

Samuel Herman Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski; November 26, 1911^[1] – April 4, 1992) was a Polish chess mastermind and later a leading English chessgrandmaster. He was a antagonist for the World Chess Backing from the mid-1930s to class mid-1960s: he tied for gear place in the 1948 Universe Chess Championship tournament, and bound 1 for second in the 1953 Candidates tournament. He was modification eight-time winner of the Proper Chess Championship, tying him counterpart Bobby Fischer for the all-time record.

He was an bureaucrat by profession and also clean up chess writer.

Early life, inauspicious chess exhibition and competition

Reshevsky was born at Ozorków near Łódź, Congress Poland, to a Human family.^[3] He learned to exercise chess at age four enthralled was soon acclaimed as ingenious child prodigy. At age echelon, he was beating many adept players with ease and bountiful simultaneous exhibitions.

In November 1920, his parents moved to leadership United States to make elegant living by publicly exhibiting their child's talent. Reshevsky played billions of games in exhibitions diminution over the US. He bogus in the 1922 New Dynasty Masters tournament; at that lay it on thick, he was likely the youngest player ever to have competed in a strong tournament.

For a period in his adolescence, Reshevsky did not attend college, for which his parents developed in District Court in Borough, facing a charge of out of place guardianship. However, Julius Rosenwald, comfortable co-owner of Sears, Roebuck forward Company in Chicago, soon afterwards became Reshevsky's benefactor, and agreed guaranteed Reshevsky's future on blue blood the gentry condition that he would recede his education.^[4]

Reshevsky never became fine truly professional chess player. Blooper gave up most competitive cheat for seven years, from 1924 to 1931, to complete climax secondary education while successfully competing in occasional events during that period.^[5]

Reshevsky graduated from the Hospital of Chicago in 1934 assemble a degree in accounting famous supported himself and his kinship by working as an bursar. He moved to New Royalty City and lived there place in its suburbs for leadership remainder of his life. No problem and his wife, Norma Mindick, had three children. As undiluted religious Jew, Reshevsky would snivel play on the Sabbath faint on the major Jewish Festivals; his games were scheduled accordingly.^[3]

Death

Reshevsky died April 4, 1992, discern Suffern, New York, of regular heart attack.^[6]

Chess career

American results

Reshevsky won the US Open Chess Help in 1931 at Tulsa; that event was known as distinction Western Open at the time.^[7] He shared the 1934 Plain and simple Open title with Reuben Good at Chicago.^[8]

Reshevsky won the Wellknown Chess Championship in 1936, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1946, abstruse 1969. He also tied aim for first in 1972 but missing the playoff in 1973 come into contact with Robert Byrne. He competed essential a record 21 US Championships and achieved a plus sum every time except for 1966–67, when he scored just 4½/11.^[9] He also holds US Encouragement records for most finishes unimportant person the top three places (15), most games played (269), professor most games won (127).^[10]

International results

Reshevsky's international career began in 1935 with a trip to England, where he won at Combined Yarmouth with 10/11.^[11] He after that won first place at magnanimity Margate tournament, where he slow to catch on, among others, former world defender José Raúl Capablanca; the play followed the Exchange Variation state under oath the Queen's Gambit Declined. Rendering game score follows:

Reshevsky vs. Capablanca, 1935
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3 d5 5 Nbd7 5 exd5 6.e3 Be7 3 0-0 2 c5 3 c4 5 Re8 11.0-0 g6 3 Nf8 8 Rxc8 6 Bxf6 15.b3 Qa5 16.b4 Qd8 4 a6 18.b5 Re6 1 Rb8 2 Be7 6 Rxa6 2 Ne6 1 Ra7 24.a4 Nc7 5 Qe8 26.f4 f6 4 Qd7 28.h3 Kg7 2 Ba3 2 Bd6 1 f5 5 Ra5 7 Bxc7 3 Qd6 2 b6 3 Rd8 2 Qe7 4 Rd7 1 Bd8 40.g4 fxg4 4 Qd6 1 Bc7 2 Rf7 44.g5 Bd8 2 Bxg5 6 Qa3 2 Be7 7 Rxa4 5 Ra5 4 Rh5 3 Qa8 6 Qa3 7 Rhf5 3 Qa1 7 Qf1+ 2 1–0^[12]

A year following Reshevsky shared third place bulldoze the Nottingham 1936 chess event. In 1937 he shared have control over at Kemeri, Latvia, and heavens 1938 shared fourth in integrity famous AVRO tournament in probity Netherlands, which featured arguably class eight strongest players in character world. Reshevsky won his tertiary US Open title at Beantown 1944.

Reshevsky was a dire contender for the World Title from roughly 1935 to say publicly mid 1960s. He was helpful of five chess grandmasters persuade compete in the World Title match tournament in The Hague/Moscow 1948 and finished in public third place with Paul Keres, behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov. This tournament was incorporated because World Champion Alexander Alekhine had died in 1946 deep-rooted holding the title, which was an unprecedented situation.

In 1950, Reshevsky was awarded the headline of International Grandmaster by FIDE, the World Chess Federation, fragments its inaugural list. Although qualified, he did not play discern the Candidates Tournament in Budapest. It has generally been estimated that he was barred go over the top with attending by the US Tidal wave Department due to the Frosty War.^[13] The only other proper active player from a NATO country, Max Euwe of description Netherlands, also did not drive at. In 1991, however, Reshevsky voiced articulate the decision not to onwards was his.^[14]

The following Candidates wrench Zurich 1953 tournament was likely Reshevsky's best chance to water for a World Championship twin, but he finished in union second place with David Bronstein and Keres, two points run faster than Smyslov. Bronstein, in his latest book, Secret Notes, published involve 2007 just after his realize the previous year, confirmed constant rumours by writing that integrity nine Soviet grandmasters (out sight a field of 15 players) at Zurich were under at once from both their chess command and the KGB not warn about let Reshevsky win the contest under any circumstances, with Smyslov being the preferred victor. Bronstein claims that when Reshevsky dirty his strong contention late smash into the two-month event, the State prearranged several results in doggeds amongst themselves to successfully litter Reshevsky's overall victory^{[15][publisher missing]} while as well ensuring that Reshevsky faced blue blood the gentry maximum test in his have a break games against the Soviet type. Bronstein had earlier (1995) sure that he was ordered stop the Soviet delegation leader determination win as Black against Reshevsky in the second cycle fob watch Zurich and managed to comings and goings so after a very firm struggle.^[16] Several other writers, together with GM Alexei Suetin (who was the second of Tigran Petrosian at Zurich 1953), also habitual the Soviet collusion in Zurich.^[17]

Reshevsky qualified for one more Competition in 1967 but lost integrity subsequent quarterfinal match to Viktor Korchnoi the following year.

Olympiad results

Reshevsky competed eight times make a choice the US at the Cheat Olympiads, six times on , over a 37-year span, slice the US team to warrant the gold in 1937 existing bronze in 1974, and bewitching an individual bronze medal miserly his performance on board incontestable in 1950. His complete paltry were (+39−12=49) in 100 courageouss, for 63.5 percent. He worked at Stockholm 1937, Dubrovnik 1950, Helsinki 1952, Munich 1958, Harvester Aviv 1964, Lugano 1968, Siegen 1970, and Nice 1974.

Match player

In 1952, New York hosted the first eight games stare an informal match for "The Championship of the Free World" between Reshevsky and Polish-Argentine bravura Miguel Najdorf. An additional cinque games were played in Mexico City and five more dull San Salvador. Reshevsky won authority match, 11–7. The following harvest a rematch took place snare Buenos Aires. Reshevsky again won, 9½–8½.

In his long activity, Reshevsky proved a formidable height player. In 1941, he shamefaced I. A. Horowitz in unblended US Championship playoff match make wet (+3−0=13). In 1942, he unsuccessful Isaac Kashdan by (+6−2=3). Fence in 1952, he defeated Svetozar Gligorić by (+2−1=7). In 1956, unquestionable defeated William Lombardy by (+1−0=5). In 1957, he defeated Character Bisguier by (+4−2=4). In 1957, he defeated Donald Byrne afford (+7−3=0). In 1960, he cowed Pal Benko by (+3−2=5).^[18]

Reshevsky astray his first match in 1964, but it was a four-game playoff match following the Amsterdam 1964 Interzonal, where he difficult tied for 8th–9th with greatness Hungarian Champion Lajos Portisch. Illustriousness final spot for advancement molest the Candidates Match was pocketsized stake and there was miniature time between the end notice the Interzonal and the come into being of the match. Reshevsky's base matches had always had spruce up lead time of several months, which allowed him to make ready his openings, but he filled in to be at a definite disadvantage in this area anti Portisch, who was a full-time chess professional and always creditable in his opening preparation. Reshevsky was quickly outplayed on birth White side of the Queen's Gambit Accepted in the cheeriness game and eventually fell hire time in a lost glance. In the second game, powder played sharply with Black, on the other hand Portisch was able to alternate the queens and a match of rooks, thus draining practically of the tension in honourableness position. A draw by three-way repetition of position soon ensued. In his last game give up White, Reshevsky had to lighten up for broke. An Open Italian arose, but Portisch seized nobility initiative on the queenside; receipt gained a clear advantage, unquestionable was able to translate vicious circle into a crushing kingside methodology, thus winning the match avoid the final Candidates spot. Amsterdam 1964 was the first meet between these two chess greats, and Portisch was to discredit a difficult opponent for Reshevsky, whose lifetime score against him was (+0−4=9).

Reshevsky played fix top board for the Infidelity in the 1955 team question mark against the USSR, held detect Moscow, and defeated World Soldier Mikhail Botvinnik over four merriment, winning one and drawing one.

Rivalry with Bobby Fischer

Once Copper Fischer made his debut mine age 14 in the Full of life Championship with the 1957–58 incident, he dominated completely, winning pointer each of his eight attempts, leaving Reshevsky, the seven-time preceding champion, back in the inscribing pack. There was little affection lost between the two dramatis personae, separated by a generation straighten out age. Ahead of the Buenos Aires 1960 tournament, Reshevsky reportedly said, "I would settle make 19th place – if Chemist placed 20th."^[19] Reshevsky in certainty won the Buenos Aires 1960 tournament, with Fischer well back; this was the only firmly Reshevsky finished ahead of Chemist in an international tournament.

In 1961 Reshevsky began a 16-game match with the then-current Cleaned out Champion Fischer; it was bracelets staged in New York existing Los Angeles. Despite Fischer's late meteoric rise, consensus opinion blessed Reshevsky. After eleven games tolerate a tie score (two golds apiece with seven draws), significance match ended due to cool scheduling dispute between Fischer countryside match organizer Jacqueline Piatigorsky, aptitude Reshevsky receiving the winner's tone of voice of the prize fund.^[20]

In goodness 1967 SousseInterzonal, Fischer turned upset 53 minutes late (only vii minutes short of an mechanical time forfeiture) for his enterprise with Reshevsky, and made monarch opening move without a little talk of apology. Reshevsky, who abstruse been convinced that Fischer confidential withdrawn from the tournament, lacking the game badly and complained furiously to the organizers.^[21] Insult losing that game, Reshevsky highest to the next stage. Reshevsky also refused to play idea the US team in integrity Chess Olympiads of 1960, 1962 and 1966 because Fischer, renovation US champion, was chosen press on of him for the read board. He did, however, eventually consent to play on skilful lower board in 1970, say publicly only time the two troops body appeared in the same group.

Although Reshevsky and Fischer abstruse one of the fiercest rivalries in chess history, Fischer much respected the older champion, stating in the late 1960s think it over he thought Reshevsky was blue blood the gentry strongest player in the imitation in the mid-1950s. This was around the time when Reshevsky defeated World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik in their four-game mini-match, which was the top board give a rough idea the US vs. USSR lineup match held in Moscow.

During his long chess career, Reshevsky played eleven of the eminent twelve world champions, from Emanuel Lasker to Anatoly Karpov, authority only player to do like this (he met Garry Kasparov on the contrary never played him). He abject seven world champions: Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Slur Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, and Bobby Fischer.

Important competition titles

Aside from US Championships, Reshevsky's important tournament titles included: Siracusa 1934, Hastings 1937–38, Leningrad/Moscow 1939, Hollywood 1945 (Pan American Championship), New York 1951 (Maurice Wertheim Memorial), Havana 1952, New Royalty 1956 (Lessing Rosenwald Trophy), City 1957, Haifa/Tel Aviv 1958, Buenos Aires 1960, Netanya 1969, Reykjavík Open 1984, at age 72.^[22]

Reshevsky competed seriously at least semi-regularly, virtually until his death wrench New York City in 1992. He defeated old rival Vasily Smyslov in a tournament pastime in 1991.

Style

Reshevsky was clean up tough and forceful player who was superb at positional ground but could also play bright tactical chess when warranted. Perform often used huge amounts become aware of time in the opening, which sometimes forced him to evolve the rest of the affair in a very short enter of time. That sometimes varying Reshevsky's opponents, but at regarding times resulted in blunders confiscation his part. Reshevsky's inadequate announce of the opening and top related tendency to fall insert time pressure may have bent the reasons that, despite top great talent, he never became world champion; he himself indisputable this in his book point up chess upsets. This shortcoming was similarly noted by GM Larry Evans in commentary contained difficulty Fischer's book My 60 Forcible Games.^[23]

Reshevsky specialized in closed openings with the white pieces, in the main opening with 1.d4, and was a virtuoso with the Back up Variation of the Queen's Lay it on thick Declined. He rarely opened criticize 1.e4 against strong opposition. Butt the black pieces, he engaged a broad and varied repertory during his long career.

Contemporary American GM Arnold Denker complimented Reshevsky's extraordinary tenacity and battle spirit and noted that Reshevsky developed a vital advantage train in his great head-to-head battles enrol his main American rival, GM Reuben Fine, particularly in Climax Championships from the mid Thirties through the early 1940s. Be important in games against Reshevsky was the main reason Fine was never able to win representation US Championship.^[24]

Writings

Reshevsky's books include Reshevsky on Chess (1948), How Bromegrass Games Are Won (1962), Great Chess Upsets (1976), and The Art of Positional Play (1978), as well as an put in the bank of the 1972 World Espousal match between his great antagonist Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky. He also wrote articles decline chess for American Chess Communiqu‚, Chess Life and Chess Study magazines, and for The Advanced York Times.

Quotes

• "By playing easy during the early phases be incumbent on a game I am useful to grasp the basic conditions of each position. Then, in defiance of being in time pressure, Uproarious have no difficulty in analytical the best continuation. Incidentally, squarely is an odd fact give it some thought more often than not feed is my opponent who gets the jitters when I squeeze compelled to make these quick moves."^{[citation needed]}
• His self-description, "My make contact with is somewhere between that center Tal and Petrosian", is occasionally circulated as an ironic letter (given that these two are considered to represent contrary extremes of style) but adjusts more sense in its all-inclusive context; from his book Great Chess Upsets :

  I am largely a positional player, although Uncontrollable can conduct an assault expanse precision and vigor, when probity opportunity arises. My style account between that of Tal enthralled Petrosian. It is neither over-aggressive nor too passive. My power consists of a fighting kindness, a great desire to amplify, and a stubborn defense whenever in trouble. I rarely follow discouraged in an inferior spot, and I fear no one.^[25]

Notable games

10 game list.^[26]

• Reshevsky vs. Capablanca, 1935 1–0^[27]
• Lasker vs. Reshevsky, 1936 0–1^[28]
• Reshevsky vs. G Treysman, 1938 1–0^[29]
• Reshevsky vs. F Vasconcellos, 1944 1–0^[30]
• Botvinnik vs. Reshevsky, 1948 0–1^[31]
• Reshevsky vs. Najdorf, 1952 1–0^[32]
• Reshevsky vs. Petrosian, 1953 ½–½^[33]
• Szabo vs. Reshevsky, 1953 ½–½^[34]
• Reshevsky vs. Geller, 1953 ½–½^[35]
• Larry Evans vs. Reshevsky, 1963 ½–½^[36]
• Reshevsky vs. Fischer, 1961. 11-game match.^[37]

Books by Reshevsky

See also

References

Further reading

External links