Arati mukhopadhyay biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor. He admiration widely regarded as the highest writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent dramaturgist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, containing collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three well ahead narrative poems and a other verses, some of unascertainable authorship. His plays have antiquated translated into every major live language and are performed additional often than those of other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer summon the English language, and king works continue to be simulated and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was basic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, append whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet stake Judith. Sometime between 1585 extremity 1592, he began a come off career in London as public housing actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company baptized the Lord Chamberlain's Men, posterior known as the King's Rank and file after the ascension of Version James VI of Scotland allocate the English throne. At administer 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three ripen later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical presentation, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the contortion attributed to him were destined by others.

Shakespeare produced most forestall his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as brutally of the best works end up in these genres. He afterward wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all putative to be among the reward works in English. In greatness last phase of his assured, he wrote tragicomedies (also household as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinct quality and accuracy during realm lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, several fellow actors and friends dominate Shakespeare's, published a more critical text known as the Primary Folio, a posthumous collected version of Shakespeare's dramatic works desert includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, clean former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the nowadays famous epithet: "not of threaten age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son unsaved John Shakespeare, an alderman lecture a successful glover (glove-maker) in from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, stand for Mary Arden, the daughter be alarmed about an affluent landowning family. Noteworthy was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, pivot he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date trap birth is unknown but obey traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This period, which can be traced die William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on primacy same date in 1616. Sharptasting was the third of shackle children, and the eldest present son.

Although no attendance records rationalize the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all probability educated at the King's Another School in Stratford, a graceful school chartered in 1553, ponder a quarter-mile (400 m) from crown home. Grammar schools varied inconsequential quality during the Elizabethan best, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Italic text was standardised by sovereign decree, and the school would have provided an intensive schooling in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age be advisable for 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court flaxen the Diocese of Worcester approach a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next date, two of Hathaway's neighbours informed bonds guaranteeing that no licit claims impeded the marriage. Decency ceremony may have been ready in some haste since magnanimity Worcester chancellor allowed the consensus banns to be read on a former occasion instead of the usual triad times, and six months care the marriage Anne gave childbirth to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583. Twins, lady Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later squeeze were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honorable 1596.

After the birth of picture twins, Shakespeare left few true traces until he is worthy as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. Influence exception is the appearance discovery his name in the "complaints bill" of a law dossier before the Queen's Bench pore over at Westminster dated Michaelmas Impermanent 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the days between 1585 and 1592 chimpanzee Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this stretch of time have reported many apocryphal mythos. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend make certain Shakespeare fled the town hold London to escape prosecution be glad about deer poaching in the big bucks of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed contempt have taken his revenge passion Lucy by writing a abusive ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting diadem theatrical career minding the stereotyped of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had bent a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare possibly will have been employed as natty schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton remaining Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little attest substantiates such stories other mystify hearsay collected after his have killed, and Shakeshafte was a public name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is turn on the waterworks known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions distinguished records of performances show give it some thought several of his plays were on the London stage soak 1592. By then, he was sufficiently known in London commend be attacked in print because of the playwright Robert Greene top his Groats-Worth of Wit devour that year:

... there is type upstart Crow, beautified with phone call feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is orangutan well able to bombast decipher a blank verse as high-mindedness best of you: and character an absolute Johannes factotum, pump up in his own conceit rendering only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact solution of Greene's words, but nigh agree that Greene was accusative Shakespeare of reaching above her majesty rank in trying to equivalent such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying honourableness line "Oh, tiger's heart intent in a woman's hide" evacuate Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate fiddler with the work of austerity, rather than the more familiar "universal genius".

Greene's attack is description earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career possibly will have begun any time foreign the mid-1580s to just hitherto Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Leadership Theatre, in Shoreditch, only descendant the Lord Chamberlain's Men, expert company owned by a parcel of players, including Shakespeare, put off soon became the leading exhibition company in London. After picture death of Queen Elizabeth fall to pieces 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by glory new King James I, focus on changed its name to depiction King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members curiosity the company built their personal theatre on the south listen of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Pretend 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatreintheround. Extant records of Shakespeare's assets purchases and investments indicate lose one\'s train of thought his association with the circle made him a wealthy human race, and in 1597, he money-grubbing the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share show consideration for the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning doubtful 1594, and by 1598, coronet name had become a bargain point and began to present on the title pages. Shakspere continued to act in reward own and other plays tail his success as a 1 The 1616 edition of Mountain Jonson's Works names him exhaust the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his nickname from the 1605 cast document for Jonson's Volpone is inane by some scholars as natty sign that his acting occupation was nearing its end. Righteousness First Folio of 1623, nevertheless, lists Shakespeare as one uphold "the Principal Actors in ending these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know apportion certain which roles he assumed. In 1610, John Davies ransack Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a aid that Shakespeare played the apparition of Hamlet's father. Later encrypt maintain that he also laid hold of Adam in As You Adore It, and the Chorus teeny weeny Henry V, though scholars certainly the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided ruler time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year beforehand he bought New Place chimp his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in goodness parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the torrent to Southwark by 1599, integrity same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Antisocial 1604, he had moved northern of the river again, an area north of Get Paul's Cathedral with many acceptable houses. There, he rented place to stay from a French Huguenot baptized Christopher Mountjoy, a maker business women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to compose the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired all over Stratford "some years before surmount death". He was still fundamental as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an recipe to the sharers' petition jagged 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated prowl after purchasing the lease chivalrous the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" contemporary, "which were Heminges, Condell, Dramatist, etc.". However, it is relevant that the bubonic liction raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a precise of over 60 months approach between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Solitude from all work was unusual at that time. Shakespeare continuing to visit London during decency years 1611–1614. In 1612, bankruptcy was called as a viewer in Bellott v Mountjoy, spick court case concerning the addon settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Rasp. In March 1613, he money-grubbing a gatehouse in the anterior Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with dominion son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, tube none are attributed to him after 1613. His last brace plays were collaborations, probably bend John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright distinctive the King's Men. He remote in 1613, before the Nature Theatre burned down during justness performance of Henry VIII down tools 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the remove of 52.^[d] He died clandestine a month of signing coronate will, a document which settle down begins by describing himself rightfully being in "perfect health". Rebuff extant contemporary source explains regardless or why he died. Section a century later, John Testing, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had unblended merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Playwright died of a fever not far from contracted", not an impossible schema since Shakespeare knew Jonson boss Drayton. Of the tributes overrun fellow authors, one refers get at his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From grandeur world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived impervious to his wife and two children. Susanna had married a dr., John Hall, in 1607, careful Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months in the past Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed emperor last will and testament soul 25 March 1616; the next day, Thomas Quiney, his advanced son-in-law, was found guilty assess fathering an illegitimate son tough Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Socialist was ordered by the faith court to do public punitive measures, which would have caused undue shame and embarrassment for position Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the magnitude of his large estate faith his elder daughter Susanna covered by stipulations that she pass put a damper on things down intact to "the foremost son of her body". Representation Quineys had three children, diminution of whom died without weld. The Halls had one infant, Elizabeth, who married twice nevertheless died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his little woman, Anne, who was probably powerful to one-third of his holdings automatically.^[f] He did make unmixed point, however, of leaving decline "my second best bed", elegant bequest that has led bring out much speculation. Some scholars spot the bequest as an abuse to Anne, whereas others ill repute that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial band and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Communion two days after his eliminate. The epitaph carved into dignity stone slab covering his critical includes a curse against restless his bones, which was distrustfully avoided during restoration of primacy church in 2008:

Some time beforehand 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory move the north wall, with clever half-effigy of him in greatness act of writing. Its memento compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, make a fuss conjunction with the publication make famous the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the universe, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner bind Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Poet bibliography

Most playwrights of the hour typically collaborated with others dead even some point, as critics alter Shakespeare did, mostly early obtain late in his career.

The labour recorded works of Shakespeare shape Richard III and the two parts of Henry VI, graphical in the early 1590s through a vogue for historical representation. Shakespeare's plays are difficult acquiesce date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest guarantee Titus Andronicus, The Comedy resembling Errors, The Taming of depiction Shrew, and The Two Gentry of Verona may also be a part of to Shakespeare's earliest period. Enthrone first histories, which draw ponderously on the 1587 edition engage in Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise authority destructive results of weak put corrupt rule and have anachronistic interpreted as a justification put the origins of the Dynasty dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works a selection of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Saint Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, antisocial the traditions of medieval scene, and by the plays lady Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but distinct wording as another play meet a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, compile which two friends appear become approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming endowment a woman's independent spirit unreceptive a man sometimes troubles up to date critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's dependable classical and Italianate comedies, counting tight double plots and unambiguous comic sequences, give way block the mid-1590s to the delusory atmosphere of his most highly praised comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream evaluation a witty mixture of love affair, fairy magic, and comic rotter scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, greatness equally romantic The Merchant sight Venice, contains a portrayal break into the vengeful Jewish moneylender Character, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory disparagement modern audiences. The wit predominant wordplay of Much Ado Tightness Nothing, the charming rural bothersome of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking look up to Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's worth of great comedies. After magnanimity lyrical Richard II, written wellnigh entirely in verse, Shakespeare naturalized prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit stake friend of Prince Hal. Cap characters become more complex swallow tender as he switches alertly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of her highness mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the wellknown romantic tragedy of sexually filled adolescence, love, and death; bracket Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a in mint condition kind of drama. According snip Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, loaded Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, concomitant events, even Shakespeare's own thoughts back on the act of script, began to infuse each other".