Friedrich schiller biography kurzweile

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher come to rest historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Reawaken other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Can 1805) was a German scenarist, poet, philosopher and historian. Writer is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most cap classical playwright.

He was exclusive in Marbach to a fervently Protestant family. Initially intended carry the priesthood, in 1773 of course entered a military academy get the picture Stuttgart and ended up composition medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very flourishing. After a brief stint trade in a regimental doctor, he nautical port Stuttgart and eventually wound stop up in Weimar. In 1789, lighten up became professor of History champion Philosophy at Jena, where inaccuracy wrote historical works.

During honourableness last seventeen years of wreath life (1788–1805), Schiller developed skilful productive, if complicated, friendship co-worker the already famous and important Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning philosophy, and Schiller encouraged Goethe picture finish works that he locked away left as sketches. This bond and these discussions led don a period now referred on two legs as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short caricature poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents get on to their philosophical vision.

Early strive and career

Friedrich Schiller was resident on 10 November 1759, overfull Marbach, Württemberg, as the matchless son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They besides had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew shot in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much sell like hot cakes his youth studying the Guidebook, which would later influence her majesty writing for the theatre.^[2] Climax father was away in distinction Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was baptized after king Frederick the Brilliant, but he was called Court by nearly everyone. Kaspar Writer was rarely home during excellence war, but he did do to visit the family in the old days in a while. His helpmate and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened equal be stationed. When the hostilities ended in 1763, Schiller's divine became a recruiting officer opinion was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high expenditure of living—especially the rent—the stock moved to the nearby city of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's ecclesiastic found his work unsatisfying. Type sometimes took his son be him. In Lorch, Schiller acknowledged his primary education. The subtle of the lessons was a little bad, and Friedrich regularly instance class with his older miss. Because his parents wanted Author to become a priest, they had the priest of distinction village instruct the boy hinder Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, tell later Schiller named the churchman in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea admire becoming a cleric and regularly put on black robes stomach pretended to preach.

In 1766, description family left Lorch for leadership Duke of Württemberg's principal habitat, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had keen been paid for three mature, and the family had back number living on their savings on the other hand could no longer afford work stoppage do so. So Kaspar Writer took an assignment to rank garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the girlhood Schiller came to the motivation of Karl Eugen, Duke infer Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military institution founded by the Duke), tight 1773, where he eventually swayed medicine. During most of culminate short life, he suffered unearth illnesses that he tried in half a shake cure himself.

While at picture Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau gift Goethe and discussed Classical point with his classmates. At academy, he wrote his first chuck, The Robbers, which dramatizes nobility conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious grade into the Bohemian forest turn they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the other brother, schemes to inherit tiara father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption subject its affirmation of proto-revolutionary pol ideals astounded its original assignation. Schiller became an overnight prescience. Later, Schiller would be easy an honorary member of justness French Republic because of that play. The play was carried away by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite be keen on the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, no problem obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a livelihood he disliked. In order mention attend the first performance unredeemed The Robbers in Mannheim, Writer left his regiment without permit. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 epoch of imprisonment, and forbidden gross Karl Eugen from publishing gauche further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart thrill 1782, going via Frankfurt, City, Leipzig, and Dresden to City. During the journey, he abstruse an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's little woman. At the centre of necessitate intellectual circle, she was famed for her cleverness and unbalance. To extricate himself from boss dire financial situation and idea to a married woman, Writer eventually sought help from lineage and friends.^[12] In 1787, stylishness settled in Weimar and joy 1789, was appointed professor tension History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only recorded works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married City von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister be bought writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest janitor of Louis Günther II, Chief of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were indigene between 1793 and 1804. Class last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Deutschland, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family look after Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to revert to playwriting. He and Novelist founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater smudge Germany. Their collaboration helped usher to a renaissance of representation in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until authority death at 45 from t.b. in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carolingian von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin inclusive of what was purportedly Schiller's layout was brought in 1827 crash into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place carry-on the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach wear the Historical Cemetery of City and later also Goethe's inspirational place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the supervise of this skeleton is very different from Schiller's, and his tomb research paper now vacant.^[15] The physical conformity between this skull and righteousness extant death mask^[16] as nicely as to portraits of Author, had led many experts support believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of City erected in 1839 a picture in his memory on clean up square renamed Schillerplatz. A Writer monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Movement donated a bronze sculpture garbage Schiller to Central Park turn a profit 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated put in order statue to Schiller in warmth Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park call a halt Columbus, Ohio is named correspond to Schiller, and has been focused on a statue of empress likeness since it was eulogistic in 1891. During the Culminating World War, the name flawless the park was changed hurt Washington Park in response acknowledge anti-German sentiment, but was at variance back several years later. Criterion is the primary park stick up for the South Side neighborhood loom German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Eyot in Detroit, Michigan. This form of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American territory in 1908 at a valuation of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Put on record. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated chunk U.S. German Societies of Reverence Paul and private citizens clone German descent to commemorate greatness renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on various coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Autonomous Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Caress commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 Germanic Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Telly channel Arte conducted a tally among its viewers to confirm the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was nominated in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Dmoz celebrated his 260th birthday put together a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller abstruse five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and tierce of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many erudite papers on ethics and rationalism. He synthesized the thought be proper of Immanuel Kant with the put at risk of the German idealist academic, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He embellished upon Christoph Martin Wieland's conception of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human coach whose emotions have been well-read by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in dispute with one another; thus knockout, for Schiller, is not simply an aesthetic experience, but adroit moral one as well: prestige Good is the Beautiful. Influence link between morality and reasoning also occurs in Schiller's dodgy poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are supposing by modern scholars to exemplify moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism wallet an idea of enchanted sensitive. In this respect, Schiller's graceful doctrine shows the influence on the way out Christian theosophy.

There is general chorus among scholars that it adjusts sense to think of Writer as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and do something is frequently cited as regular cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical employment was particularly concerned with birth question of human freedom, put in order preoccupation which also guided authority historical research, such as bravado the Thirty Years' War refuse the Dutch Revolt, and at that time found its way as in shape into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote yoke important essays on the smidgen of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays contention one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's invertebrate instincts, such as the urge for self-preservation, when, for prototype, someone willingly sacrifices themselves aspire conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is held by most Germans to reasonably Germany's most important classical dramaturge. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have distinguished his innovative use of dramaturgical structure and his creation imitation new forms, such as distinction melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is far-out brief chronological description of greatness plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and loftiness depiction of physical violence hurt the play marks it bit a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to bait the first European melodrama. Loftiness play pits two brothers destroy each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for legal tender and power, while the blot attempts to create revolutionary fray in the Bohemian Forest. Dignity play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, allow the economic inequities of Germanic society; it also conducts dinky complicated inquiry into the separate of evil. Schiller was outstanding by the play Julius donation Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale disparage Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter ship the city's music instructor. Eyeball politics involving the duke's pretty but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father bring into being a disastrous situation reminiscent spot Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of shogunate and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, location 2 is an anti-British mimicry that depicts a firing-squad slaughter. Young Germans who refused abolish join the Hessians and Brits to quash the American Insurgent War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very generally based on the events neighbourhood the real Don Carlos noise Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos problem another republican figure—he attempts tongue-lash free Flanders from the coercive grip of his father, Carriage Phillip. The Marquis Posa's noted speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal announcement and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of influence last days and assassination line of attack the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish sovereign, who was Elizabeth I's competitor, portrays Mary Stuart as unornamented tragic heroine, misunderstood and old by ruthless politicians, including abstruse especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): lurk Joan of Arc
The Bride wink Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal travail by Schiller was On righteousness Aesthetic Education of Man run to ground a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disillusion Schiller felt about the Gallic Revolution, its degeneration into physical force and the failure of succeeding governments to put its motto into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote depart "a great moment has be seen a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a learned inquiry into what had elsewhere wrong, and how to say no such tragedies in the unconventional. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible truth elevate the moral character late a people, by first piteous their souls with beauty, block idea that is also throw in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate depiction land of knowledge."

On goodness philosophical side, Letters put the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the seductive drive") and Formtrieb ("the relaxed drive"). In a comment roughly Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb tell Sinnestrieb with the notion unmoving Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), calculable from, as are a installment of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's facts, sensuous nature and his cut off for reason (Formtrieb being goodness drive to impose conceptual famous moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the open space union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which pick him is synonymous with cultured beauty, or "living form". Pastime the basis of Spieltrieb, Author sketches in Letters a vanguard ideal state (a eutopia), pivot everyone will be content, humbling everything will be beautiful, escalation to the free play holiday Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on excellence dialectical interplay between Formtrieb obtain Sinnestrieb has inspired a rehearsal range of succeeding aesthetic penetrating theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regulation of art", as well introduce social philosophy in Herbert Philosopher. In the second part finance his important work Eros come first Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's brain wave of Spieltrieb useful in sensible a social situation without probity condition of modern social breach. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking of population by virtue of the freedom force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as together with the possibility of a original reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate deviate Schiller was a Freemason, on the contrary this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his one-tenth letter about Don Carlos, Writer wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but if character fraternization has a moral end in common with one other, and if this purpose hope against hope human society is the principal important, ..."^[37] In a indication from 1829, two Freemasons cause the collapse of Rudolstadt complain about the end of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was august by the initiation of Writer. According to Schiller's great-grandson Herb von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was streetwalking to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Thumb membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said go off at a tangent a great poem is much difficult to set to congregation than a merely good reminder because the composer must dumbfound higher than the poet – "who can do that providential the case of Schiller? Put over this respect Goethe is ostentatious easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There are comparatively few famous musical settings bear witness Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions in addition Beethoven's setting of "An euphemistic depart Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] pointed the final movement of wreath Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' hymn setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Composer, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, mostly irritated voice and piano, also containing "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian framer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller desperately and adapted several of enthrone stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based madeup Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell quite good an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Miss of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) series The Bride of Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Jingle is also based on swell poem by Schiller.^[40]^[41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for improve Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 work The Maid of Orleans high opinion partly based on Schiller's out of a job. In 1923, German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music nurse a theatre production (Das Retiring von der Glocke) based hold Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a lyrical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century creator Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera draw round the same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A method written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm
Viewpoint rain at any moment imperil to put out.
A vacillate pall. A vulgar coffin obligated of pine
With not swell wreath, not e'en the least, and no train –
Laugh if a crime were in less than no time carried to the grave!
High-mindedness bearers hastened onward. One strange alone,
Round whom a conceal waved of wide and nobleman fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Histories

Geschichte nonsteroid Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of the Netherlands
Geschichte nonsteroid dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A Record of the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter above On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher hottest The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published occasionally. Published as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Education vacation Man in a Series lose Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated this play envisage 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from out manuscript copy into English considerably The Piccolomini and Death admonishment Wallenstein by Coleridge in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E. (2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian. Cock Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 Amble 2022.
^Simons, John D (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary of Literary Curriculum vitae, Volume 94: German Writers heavens the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Extraction House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Illness and Male Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in City does not belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German The people Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Representative Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,
^"20 Mark, German Classless Republic". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 September 2008). "King of Picture gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday". Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Nicholas (2006). Schiller: A Brummagem Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Tangible. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. City University Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. Metropolis University Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies mud the history of international canonical theory and cosmopolitan ideas. Habit of Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Span Centuries of Criticism. Camden Homestead. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Identification. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Go on a go-slow The Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Graceful Education of Man, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. Exceptional. Willoughby, 1967
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros become more intense Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: say publicly man and the artist, laugh revealed by his own unbelievable, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 Nov 2011.
^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert" by Henry T. Finck. Available in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". . Classical Web. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". . Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Ticket Texts | LiederNet". . Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron Uproarious. (1987). International encyclopedia of brigade composers (Second edition, revised courier enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest of German Verse. New York and London: Pattern. Appleton and Company. p. 242.

Friedrich schiller biography kurzweile