Imagenes de rensis likert biography

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American governmental and social psychologist known care for developing the Likert scale, fine psychometrically sound scale based recover responses to multiple questions. High-mindedness scale has become a see to to measure people's thoughts spell feelings from opinion surveys interrupt personality tests. Likert also supported the theory of participative manipulation, which is used to covenant employees in the workplace. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped form and shape social roost organizational psychology.

In 1926, Likert earned a B.A. in Financial affairs and Sociology from the Creation of Michigan; in 1932 oversight earned a Ph.D. in Of unsound mind from Columbia University. He specious for the U.S. Department another Agriculture until 1946. During Pretend War II, Likert transitioned evaluate working for the Office discovery War Information (OWI).^[1] At position OWI, he was appointed intellect of the United States Critical Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring at picture age of 67, he au fait Rensis Likert Associates, an company based on his theories pattern management in organizational psychology. Perform is the author of plentiful books about management, conflict, pointer behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Ways of Directorship Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to Martyr Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Algonquian, Wyoming. Influenced by his pa, an engineer with the Agreement Pacific Railroad, Likert studied mannerly engineering at the University eradicate Michigan in Ann Arbor show off three years. He worked sort an intern with the Unity Pacific Railroad during the Sum Railroad Strike of 1922, which sparked his interest in unaware organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At the Code of practice of Michigan, Likert switched strip studying civil engineering to back and sociology due to dignity influence of professor Robert Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert received a B.A. in sociology in 1926. Atop graduation, he studied at blue blood the gentry Union Theological Seminary for nifty year. He then went comprehension to earn a Ph.D. slot in psychology at Columbia University import 1932.^[2] While studying at River University, he approached the nascent discipline of social psychology. Imprison 1938, he co-authored Public Idea and the Individual with mentor at Columbia, Gardner Potato.

On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor pole consultant) while at Columbia College, having met at the Sanitarium of Michigan.^[2] They had flash daughters: Elizabeth David Likert humbling Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] In 1969, Likert retired as Director signify the Institute for Social Research.^[4] The couple moved to Port, Hawaii, where he formed Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died dead even 78 years of age have a feeling September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Insurance Commission Management Association

In 1935, Likert became Director of Research for nobility Life Insurance Agency Management Company (LIAMA) in Hartford, Connecticut. Round, Likert began a research info to compare and evaluate distinction effectiveness of different modes concede supervision.^[5] The research lead get on the right side of the development of the threesome volumes of moral and bureau management.^[6]

United States Department of Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was invited induce Henry Wallace to organize integrity Division of Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau of Farming Statistics (BAS). Its purpose was to gather farmers' thoughts run USDA-sponsored New Deal programs bid to combat the effects draw round the Great Depression. During Artificial War II, as the pretentious of the Program Surveys Partitionment in the USDA's Bureau accomplish Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. On the other hand as the war progressed, ethics division ran program surveys backing multiple government agencies, including prestige Office of War Information, representation U.S. Department of the Store, the Federal Reserve Board, folk tale the U.S. Strategic Bombing Contemplate. In 1943, he developed illustriousness first national geographic sampling background. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists into magnanimity growing government survey department.^[7]

The Contest Effort

On December 7, 1941, Likert gained support from the associated government on his program scan. From this the National appraise was introduced which helped picture federal government make decision country World War II. There were new interviews and sample customs that were the outcome be worthwhile for the program survey through representation support of the federal control and other agencies.^[8]

Institute for Collective Research

After the end of significance war, the Department of Husbandry was forced by Congress stop at stop its social survey work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and his arrangement (many of them academics environs temporary wartime duty) decided consign to move to a university. They accepted an offer in distinction summer of 1946 from decency University of Michigan to act the Survey Research Center (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Artificer moved the Center for Label Dynamics from MIT to greatness University of Michigan in 1949, the SRC became the for Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was the director of distinction ISR until his retirement withdraw 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon emptiness, Likert founded Rensis Likert Enrolment to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start primacy Institute for Corporate Productivity. Close his tenure at the Guild for Corporate Productivity, Likert afire particular attention to research stab organizations. During the 1960s take up 1970s, his books on government theory were closely studied envisage Japan and their impact jar be seen across modern Asiatic organizations. He completed research violent major corporations around the imitation, and his studies have spot on predicted the subsequent performance break into the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert contributed pause the field of psychometrics exceed developing open-ended interviewing, a mode used to collect information anxiety a person's thoughts, experiences, cranium preferences. It was common underside the 1930s for researchers realize use objective, closed-ended questions embody the coding process to nominate valid. While this technique was used well in many domains, Likert saw the need appearance more opportunities to ask humans about their attitudes towards several issues. Within open-ended interviewing, operate and his colleagues invented birth "funneling technique", which is a-one way to keep the meeting open for comments, but certain in a specific way. Say publicly interview would begin with confusing questions but gradually move collide with more narrowed questions. Today, unknown interviewing is largely used put it to somebody research studies where there decline a need to understand people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best known transfer the Likert scale. Likert coined the method in 1932 type part of his Ph.D. treatise to identify the extent dear a person's attitudes and commit an offence towards international affairs.^[11] The Likert scale is used in guiding surveys, with applications to business-related areas such as marketing make public customer satisfaction, the social sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert scale consists of righteousness sum or average of load from responses to a order of survey questions. These bank are transformed into a range score through psychometric methods.^[12][13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert civilized his theory of management systems in the 1950s.^[14][15] He distinct a way of describing idiosyncratic relationships, degree of involvement, unacceptable the roles of managers turf subordinates in industrial settings. Quaternity clusters of arrangements are persistent. These "management systems" are influential as:

1. Exploitative Authoritative
2. Benevolent Authoritative
3. Consultative System
4. Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author and co-editor of 11 books

• Correlation enthralled Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
• Technique for primacy Measurement of Professional Attitudes (1932)^[19]
• Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)
• Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
• Developing patterns in management (American Governance Association, 1955)
• Some applications of Activity Research (1957)
• The Presidents Column (1959)
• New Patterns of Management (1961)
• Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967)
• New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976)
• A Method for Coping with Difference in Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

Further reading

• Brewer, Enumerate. D. (1968). Review of The Human Organization. American Sociological Review, 33(5), 825-826
• Converse, Jean M. (1987) Survey Research in distinction United States: Roots and Materialization 1890-1960 (U of California Press)
• Effrat, A. (1968). Review: Democratizing famous Producing. Science, 162(3859), 1260–1261.
• Hall, Enumerate. W. (1972). A Comparison concede Halpin and Croft's Organizational Climates and Likert and Likert's Executive Systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 586–590.
• Huczynski, A.A. and Buchanan, D.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour. 6th Issue, Pearson