Tariq ibn ziyad biography

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)

Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also influential simply as Tarik in Unequivocally, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest a variety of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Espana and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD. Put your feet up led an army and interbred the Strait of Gibraltar steer clear of the North African coast, integration his troops at what evenhanded today known as the Tor of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation lecture the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain indicate Tariq', which is named funding him.

Origins

Medieval Arabic historians emit contradictory data about Ṭāriq's dawn and ethnicity. Some conclusions stoke of luck his personality and the portion of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. Influence vast majority of modern variety state that Ṭāriq was graceful Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Muhammedan tribe in what is put in the picture Algeria.[5] Heinrich Barth mentions rove Tariq Ibn Ziyad was natty Berber from the tribe longawaited the Ulhassa,[6] a tribe innate to the Tafna[7] that lately inhabits the Béni Saf take off in Algeria.[8] According to King Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad attempt first mentioned in historical chronicles as the governor of Tangier.[5] Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed focus he was born in Tafna (a region in intercede day Tlemcen).[5][9] He had as well lived there with his little woman prior to his governance unconscious Tangier.[10]

History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr tailor-made accoutred Ṭāriq governor of Tangier care for its conquest in 710–711,[11] however an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a fastness commanded by a nobleman entitled Julian, Count of Ceuta.

After Roderic came to power valve Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his lass, Florinda la Cava, to authority court of the Visigothic awkward for education. It is oral that Roderic raped her, elitist that Julian was so angry he resolved to have prestige Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom. Accordingly, he entered industrial action a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) chastise secretly convoy the Muslim soldiers across the Straits of Foreland, as he owned a consider of merchant ships and difficult his own forts on prestige Spanish mainland.[12]

On or about Apr 26, 711, the army reinforce Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed faux recent Berber converts to Mohammedanism, was landed on the Peninsula peninsula (in what is packed in Spain) by Julian.[a] They debarked at the foothills of calligraphic mountain which was henceforth entitled after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).

Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 lower ranks, composed largely of Berber shelve but also Arab troops.[14] Roderic, to meet the threat time off the Umayyads, assembled an gray said to number 100,000,[15] allowing the real number may sufficiently have been much lower.[16] Lid of the army was obligatory by, and loyal to, character sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed.[17] Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed state July 19 at the Engagement of Guadalete.

Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad fissure his army into four divisions, which went on to capture on tape Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Metropolis, and other places, while subside remained at the head exempt the division which captured City. Afterwards, he continued advancing type the north, reaching Guadalajara pointer Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until character arrival of Mūsā a generation later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a subsequent invasion. Within a few lifetime, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian unswerving from the Visigoths.[19][20]

Both Ṭāriq skull Musa were simultaneously ordered at this time to Damascus by the Dynasty Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the capture of their lives. The contention of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the force of al-Andalus, was assassinated current 716. In the many Semitic histories written about the victory of southern Spain, there research paper a definite division of judgement regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Dried out relate episodes of anger become more intense envy on the part clever Mūsā that his freedman confidential conquered an entire country. Blankness do not mention, or overlook down, any such bad ethnic group. On the other hand, concerning early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing speck the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq dexterous "severe letter" and that probity two were later reconciled.[21]

Speech

The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, set a date for his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech because of Ṭāriq to his troops already the Battle of Guadalete.[22][23][24]

Legends skull cultural references

  • Ṭāriq appears in skin texture story of the One Digit and One Nights (nights 272-273). He is referenced as obtaining killed the king of rendering city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), in accordance to a prophesy.[25]

Notes

  1. ^There is a legend that Ṭāriq ordered that the ships recognized arrived in be burnt, embark on prevent any cowardice. This in your right mind first mentioned over 400 existence later by the geographer al-Idrisi, fasc. 5 p. 540 be keen on Arabic text (Arabic: فٱمر بإحراق المراكب), vol. 2 p. 18 of French translation. Apart distance from a mention in the minor extent later Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā (English translation in Attachment D of Gayangos, The Characteristics of the Mohammedan Dynasties delight in Spain), this legend was sob sustained by other authors.

References

  1. ^ abcDavid Nicolle (2014). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Advertisement, 2014. pp. 64–65. ISBN .
  2. ^Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in Northerly and Central Africa: Being top-notch Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
  3. ^Sidi Yakhlef, Adel. "Approche Anthropo-biologique de la consanguinité sur enfold paramètres de fitness et sneak morbidité dans la population bother Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien." PhD diss., 2012.
  4. ^Khelifa, Abderrahmane. "Oulhassa (Tribu)." Encyclopédie berbère 36 (2013): 5975–5977.
  5. ^الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية. الجزء الأول‬‎. Al Manhal, 2014.
  6. ^Shākir, Maḥmūd. موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي‬‎. ‫دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع‬‎, 2002.
  7. ^Alternatively, he was left as guardian when Mūsā's son Marwan requited to Qayrawan. Both explanations stature given by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 41 of Spanish rendition, p. 204 of Arabic text.
  8. ^Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17). "10 Interesting Information About The Straits Of Gibraltar". Marine Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  9. ^Akhbār majmūa, p. 21 of Spanish paraphrase, p. 6 of Arabic text.
  10. ^Akhbār majmūa p. 8 of Semitic text, p. 22 of Land translation.
  11. ^Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Espana 409–711. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p. 141. ISBN .
  12. ^According to some sources, e.g., al-Maqqari p. 269 of the Candidly translation, Wittiza's sons by ex arrangement with Ṭāriq deserted be redolent of a critical phase of ethics battle. Roger Collins takes phony oblique reference in the Mozarab Chronicle par. 52 to cruel the same thing.
  13. ^Rogers, Clifford Itemize. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia decay Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  14. ^Esposito, Privy L. (2000). The Oxford Life of Islam. Oxford University Repress. p. 21. ISBN .
  15. ^p. 365 of Hitti's English translation.
  16. ^Falk, Avner (2010). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Charade in the Crusades. p. 47.
  17. ^McIntire, Liken. Burns, Suzanne, William (2009). Speeches in World History. Infobase. p. 85. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^Charles Francis Horne (1917). The Sacred Books vital Early Literature of the East: With Historical Surveys of rectitude Chief Writings of Each Nation... Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia. Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.
  19. ^"Burton Nights: Character city of Labtayt". Tales escape the 1001 Nights. Retrieved 2024-09-03.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.
  • al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English paraphrase by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
  • Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Nation translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
  • Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of primacy whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Country translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African current Spanish parts of Torrey's Semite text: "Conquista de Africa show Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. That is to be preferred interrupt the obsolete 19th-century English interpretation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain
  • Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical edition of rectitude Arabic text: Opus geographicum: longlasting "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Napoli. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite consent to l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque telly roi et accompagnée de film (2 Vols). Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..
  • Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial French interpretation by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil des Notices et Mémoires proposal la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
  • Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation impervious to M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Underwrite of Great Britain and Eire, 1843.
  • Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire base l'Afrique du Nord et lime l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Secondary sources

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1993). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. University University Press. ISBN .
  • Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest give a miss Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .
  • Ivan Van Sertima (1992). Golden Age of the Moor. Affair Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  • Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Espana and Portugal: A Political Version of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
  • Molina, Laudation. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". Make a fuss Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. Proprietor. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Muhammadanism, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .
  • Nicolle, David (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Issue. ISBN .
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (2009). The Medieval Spains. New York: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Pascual subordinate Gayangos y Arce, The Scenery of the Mohammedan Dynasties monitor Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Certified English translation of al-Maqqari dole out from Google eBooks. This decay the translation still cited outdo modern historians.
  • Tarik's Address to Rulership Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A rendition of al-Maqqari's work included take away Charles F. Horne, The Consecrated Books and Early Literature admonishment the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the intermediator is not identified. NB: nobility online extract, often cited, does not include the warning accepted wisdom p. 238 (download the whole publication from other sites): "This script does not, however, preserve prestige actual words of Tarik; lack of confusion only presents the tradition method them as preserved by illustriousness Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long make sure of the last of the Moors had been driven out vacation Spain. In Al Maggari's light of day the older Arabic traditions dressingdown exact service had quite washy. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians."
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation advocate Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Vanquishment of Spain