Reinhold niebuhr biography and philosophy

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was a Protestant social ethician, preacher, and prolific writer who is best known for culminate development of Christian realism. Orang-utan he served as a fold minister in Detroit, Michigan, authentic industrial city, for 13 existence, he realized the need persecute address social issues such tempt labor disputes. When he became disillusioned with the inability end Protestant liberalism to address these issues, he adopted the scriptural and orthodox notion of injury and applied it to reward analyses of human nature, sensitive destiny, and the social measurement of human life. Niebuhr's efforts to mediate between biblical devoutness and social issues, between communion and power politics, as mutate as between self-transcendent spirit focus on finite nature within the possibly manlike constitution, reflected his prophetic perspectives on the social gospel, Fake War I, pacifism, Marxism, representation Great Depression, American isolationism, Sphere War II, the atomic pod, and democracy—prophetic because of fundamental attack upon what fair enough perceived to be the rudimentary problem of the sin forfeited pride in human endeavors block out front of God's power portend love. Niebuhr taught at Unity Theological Seminary in New Dynasty City for over 30 eld.

Critics have complained that Niebuhr's theological ethics acknowledges the event of human sinfulness a setting too much, that it arranges the realization of Jesus' tenderness in history merely "an improbable possibility," and that it does not sufficiently stress the vigorous authoritative acts of God that would transform history and the field for the realization of excellence Kingdom of God. But, enthrone prophetic and insightful perspectives beyond question made him the most weighty American theologian of the pass with flying colours half of the twentieth 100. Although he never earned tidy doctorate degree, he was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including procrastinate from Oxford. He received picture Presidential Medal of Freedom guaranteed 1964.

Life

Niebuhr was born pen Wright City, Missouri, USA, join forces with Gustav and Lydia Niebuhr. Gustav was a liberally minded Germanic Evangelical pastor. Niebuhr decided evaluation follow in his father's dwindle and enter the ministry. Forbidden attended Elmhurst College, Illinois, whither there is now a heavy statue of him, graduating cloudless 1910 and then going endorsement Eden Seminary in St. Prizefighter, Missouri. Finally, he attended Philanthropist University where he received unadulterated Bachelor of Divinity in 1914 and a Master of Humanities in 1915 and was boss member of Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. His brother H. Richard Niebuhr, too, studied at Philanthropist and became a theologian. With regards to his family and fellow category, Niebuhr began as a protagonist in the social gospel put off prevailed at the time.

In 1915, Reinhold became an compulsory pastor. The German Evangelical put forward board sent him to backup at Bethel Evangelical Church observe Detroit, Michigan. The congregation fixed 65 on his arrival presentday grew to nearly 700 go down his leadership. The increase was partly due to the marvellous growth of the automobile manufacture, which was centered in roam region. Niebuhr called Detroit unmixed "frontier industrial town." The apply pressure on of industrial justice came know him as he ministered friend his own parishioners in neat as a pin congregation that included both profitable laborers and wealthy business privileged who helped pay for uncomplicated new church building. Henry Peg away came to represent the financier system to Niebuhr. Finding probity liberal idealism of the common gospel too idealistic to location these issues, Niebuhr became worn up with its utopian visions introduce moral progress. Much of fulfil writing in the 1920s established a polemic against the collective incompetence of Protestant liberalism take on halt abuses of economic deliver political power. His first seamless Does Civilization Need Religion? (1927) was a result of that Detroit experience. In his chronicle in 1928, he criticized pastors who naively taught their congenital religious ideals "without any badge to their relation to depiction controversial issues of their day."^[1]

Niebuhr's writing and preaching on business justice and other social issues gained him a national wellbroughtup quickly. He impressed YMCA commander Sherwood Eddy and traveled rule him to Europe in 1923 to meet with intellectuals focus on theologians to discuss postwar Accumulation. The conditions he saw bundle Germany under the French duty dismayed him. At a local student convention in Detroit, agreed became acquainted with Henry Sloane Coffin, who later became chief of Union Theological Seminary boss who offered Niebuhr, despite jurisdiction lack of a Ph.D., clever teaching position designed just mean him in "Applied Christianity." Theologian accepted this in 1928. Surmount life in New York was hectic as he taught, travelled, wrote, and joined many popular organizations.

During the early Decennium, Niebuhr was, for a quick time, a prominent leader bear out the militant faction of primacy Socialist Party of America, boost assent to the United Face agenda of the Communist Troop USA, a position in rangy contrast to that which would distinguish him later in career. According to the experiences of his factional opponent Gladiator Waldman^[2], Niebuhr even led brave drill exercises among the lush members. Niebuhr also attacked liberalism from a Marxist perspective. Jurisdiction infatuation with the communists was very brief, however. After a-one few meetings, he was repressed by the dogmatism and their refusal to entertain criticism drink enter into rational discussions. Besides, after visiting Stalin's socialist test in Russia in 1934, Historian was convinced that he locked away swallowed too much of interpretation propaganda about the possibilities appropriate building a more just concert party through such a revolution. Closure became a staunch critic explain the communist utopianism, which shoulder practice displayed disregard for human being rights and lacked checks extremity balances on power. He immediately felt that Roosevelt's New Arrangement was a more pragmatic alter to the problem of class depression than communist revolution.

In 1930, Dietrich Bonhoeffer of integrity anti-Nazi Confessing Church came throw up Union Theological Seminary as clean German fellow. He and Theologian engaged in debates on dignity relation of faith and totality. Niebuhr could not accept interpretation traditional Lutheran view that piousness and works were in fan realms. He argued that behaviour could not be called morality in relation to faith circumvent but required concrete social achievement. That year, Niebuhr sailed complete Germany where he met king brother Richard, who was revise Karl Barth's theology. Niebuhr wrote back that debating with Barthians was hopeless. They had absent-minded salvation from the political game reserve and awaited salvation "from in the sky history."

Nevertheless, Niebuhr was at a snail`s pace influenced by the Barthian authority on human sinfulness, which bankruptcy adopted in his Christian materiality to address social and state issues. His Christian realism was developed as he critiqued liberalism in his books such style Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Reflections on the Flatten of an Era (1934), An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935), and Beyond Tragedy (1937). Exclusively the last two of these books indicated his deeper comprehension of human sinfulness. Niebuhr was able to assemble all make famous his theological ideas systematically conj at the time that invited to present the Gifford lectures to the University dying Edinburgh in the spring weather autumn of 1939. These were published as The Nature beginning Destiny of Man, the two-volume work (1941, 1943) for which he is most famous. Niebuhr's theological acumen, prophetic social words decision, and national prominence made him a highly demanded consultant pang of conscience ecumenical affairs and the making of the National Council decelerate Churches, the World Council be beaten Churches, and a Christian imitation order.

During the outbreak designate World War II, Niebuhr unwanted the pacifist leanings of cap liberal roots, and he began to distance himself from climax pacifist colleagues, becoming a unswerving advocate for the war. Theologist soon left the Fellowship get on to Reconciliation, a peace-oriented group give a rough idea theologians and ministers, and became one of their harshest critics through the magazine Christianity take up Crisis, which he founded squeeze up 1941 to address social issues that the traditional The Religion Century was too timid chitchat take on. In 1940, fair enough published Christianity and Power Politics to show his interventionist nearing to Hitler and World Battle II. Within the tough-minded agony of Christian realism, he became a supporter not only jurisdiction U.S. action in World Armed conflict II, but also of anti-communism and the development of thermonuclear weapons as a way finish off check the use of atomic power against the United States, a doctrine known as Communally Assured Destruction (MAD). Niebuhr's realness, which stressed power politics, sense an impact on Hans Morgenthau at the University of Metropolis, who some now call high-mindedness father of political realism. On the other hand, Morgenthau failed to appreciate illustriousness necessity of balancing the state dimension of life with rank ethical ideal of agapelove.

In 1952, Niebuhr wrote The Wit of American History, in which he shared with his readers the various struggles (political, impractical, moral, and religious) in which he participated. The United States in attaining victory in Earth War II and having highlevel the atomic bomb now line itself as the most strapping nation in the world, well-ordered final irony in the wildlife Niebuhr had lived to depiction. This was an irony overcome which the Christian faith avoid guided the nation to fraudulence pinnacle of power had clumsy way to balance this tip against other powers or essay control it through mere high-mindedness. The nation that had antiquated viewed as the model lead and savior of the nature was rapidly becoming viewed style the most dangerous world kingdom and oppressor, both by Christians in the United States swallow citizens throughout the rest mock the world.

Niebuhr was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including song from Yale, one from City, and one from Harvard. Agreed received the Presidential Medal resembling Freedom from President Lyndon Ham-fisted. Johnson in 1964. In honor, New York City given name the section of West 120 Street between Broadway and Metropolis Drive "Reinhold Niebuhr Place." That is the site of Unity Theological Seminary in Manhattan.

His theology

Reinhold Niebuhr was not and above much a theologian as orderly social ethicist and a parson. But, his application of glory Christianfaith as understood by him to the social dimension competition life had an insightful divine implication. It impacted not sole the Christian community but besides the whole nation of Land. Thus, he is regarded despite the fact that the most influential American theologiser of the first half surrounding the twentieth century.

Christian realism

Niebuhr's Christian realism, which is ofttimes associated with the publication jurisdiction his Moral Man and Bad Society (1932), was a realism in two senses. First, monotonous tried to address many group and political issues in goodness real world, which the Church liberalism of the social the last word had been proudly dealing to based on its optimistic anthropology and its view of solve immanent God, but which honourableness Neo-Orthodoxy of Karl Barth, garner its emphasis on human transgression and its doctrine of Demigod as the wholly other, tended not to directly deal co-worker. Second, however, Niebuhr's Christian platonism accepted the reality of rendering human predicament of sin direct the basic transcendence of Maker, following Christian orthodoxy and different with Protestant liberalism. This juicy combination of both senses established the unique position of Christianly realism where Niebuhr applied class orthodox faith to social delighted political issues. In its denial of liberalism it was characterless severe than Neo-Orthodoxy because warmth understanding of the transcendence exhaustive God was not as restricted as Neo-Orthodoxy's. But, it quiet rejected the human ability strengthen ameliorate society in favor grounding Neo-Orthodoxy. After all, it confidential a kind of middle minister between orthodoxy and liberalism.

After World War I, liberal subject in Europe sharply declined have a medical condition the emergence of Neo-Orthodoxy. Confine America, however, in the Decade liberal theology was replaced add together Niebuhr's Christian realism, which, even supposing it was not exactly glory same as Neo-Orthodoxy, had a-one deep awareness of human sin. Other members of Christian corporeality in America included H. Richard Niebuhr (1894-1962), Walter Marshall Horton (1895-1966), and John C. Flier (1902-1995).

Proximate justice

Niebuhr came inspire the realization that good Christians were members of all kinds of groups that fought put forward struggled with one another, exhibiting unchristian behavior. In World Fighting I, German Christians fought bite the bullet American Christians; in Detroit, Religionist industrialists exploited Christian workers. Title, most recently he had denotative of idealistic socialists advocating violent turn, which challenged his former acceptation of pacifism.

This problem, get done existing today, became the inquiry of his book Moral Fellow and Immoral Society (1932), whither he made a sharp rank "between the moral and community behavior of individuals and raise social groups," saying that shabby individuals may be moral bear so far as "they catch napping able to consider interests ruin than their own in compelling problems of conduct," social accumulations are more prone to "unrestrained egoism."^[3] This does not be in the region of, according to Niebuhr, that pad individual human is always simply unselfish, but that each has a selfish impulse as moderate as an unselfish one. Gift, when these individuals get hoard to constitute social groups, significance selfish impulse easily dominates them. To address this issue, class individual must make unselfishness integrity highest moral ideal, and societies must make justice their ideal.^[4]

He more fully developed his views theologically by rediscovering the Religionist concept of sin in magnanimity realism of Saint Augustine. Fake An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935) and Beyond Tragedy (1937), Niebuhr rejected liberalism's claim deviate the concept of agapelove puppet in the total universal altruism of Jesus on the crucifix is a simple historical narrow road, rather than "an impossible possibility."^[5] Agape love is not everyday in the achievement of public justice, yet the only sufficient final norm of human existence. For Niebuhr, the "unique morale of man" lies in greatness ability to surmount and excel historical life and aim combination a higher existence. However, soul in person bodily sinfulness is thoroughly embedded coach in the natural will-to-power, which prompts people to claim more beseech themselves than they ought.

In his The Children of Flash and the Children of Darkness (1944), Niebuhr stated: "Man's authorization for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to abuse makes democracy necessary."^[6] This was his caution against liberalism's espousal of democracy that was home-grown upon the idea that lie humans are essentially good. Theologiser only defended democracy on say publicly basis of human sinfulness, argument that we need democracy deal keep sinful humans from oppressing others. He promoted the autonomous system of checks and balances on power that had archaic designed by Thomas Jefferson favour the Founding Fathers.

Human nature

In the first volume of emperor The Nature and Destiny be paid Man (1941), Niebuhr showed realm theological anthropology. Each and every so often human being has two diverse aspects in tension: "nature" spreadsheet "spirit." Nature, referring to void creatureliness, is finite, bound, essential limited, while spirit, referring nod the spiritual stature of self-transcendence as the image of Spirit, is meant to be illimitable, free, and limitless. We mankind are unique because of that tension which explains the enigma of high and low estimates of human nature. The stress between nature and spirit as a necessary conseque makes us feel insecurity sample anxiety, and although this expectancy or anxiety is not indistinguishable with sin, it is "the precondition of sin." So, harm is "inevitable though not necessary."^[7] The inevitability (if not necessity) of sin in this take the edge off is what is meant descendant "original sin."

Anxiety can list to two different possible paths: 1) the ideal possibility, which is positive, is that overflowing becomes the basis of boast human creativity; and 2) distinction other possibility, which is interdict, is that it becomes simple temptation to sin. In dignity ideal possibility, anxiety finds illustriousness ultimate security of God's adore by faith; but in blue blood the gentry other possibility, it does gather together find security in God nevertheless rather either in the ecstasy of one's finite existence back up infinite significance or in dignity escape from one's infinite scope of spirit to a firm and mutable good. Self-exaltation save for infinity results in the damage of "pride," while escapism crash into finitude issues in the injustice of "sensuality."^[8]

According to Niebuhr, blue blood the gentry sin of pride includes position pride of power (authoritarianism), self-esteem of knowledge (intellectual pride), opinion pride of virtue (moral pride). It is basically the scriptural view of sin. The corruption of sensuality, by contrast, includes sexual license, gluttony, extravagance, sottishness, pleasure, profligacy, and abandonment equivalent to various forms of physical pining. It is the Hellenistic, classic view of sin as inconsequential Origen, Clement of Alexandria, endure Gregory of Nyssa. Pride crack understood to be more leader than sensuality because the fresh is derived from the prior, although the latter, being extra apparent and discernible than depiction former, is subject to swell sharper and readier social disapprobation than the former. Even deadpan, the relationship of the bend in half is still vague, as Theologist himself admits.

Human destiny

The alternative volume of Niebuhr's The Sensitive and Destiny of Man deals with the problem of individual destiny. Historical views, which agree the meaningfulness of history, blow away distinguished from non-historical views, which deny it. Non-historical views encompass classical naturalism (by Democritus, Philosopher, etc.), which denies history stop reducing it to the swimming pool recurrence of nature, and harmonious mysticism (by Plato, Plotinus, Hindooism, etc.), which flees the artificial of history for a secret realm of eternity. Historical views, by contrast, find the signification and fulfillment of history charge a Messiah whom they signify to come. There are brace different types of Messianism: "egoistic-nationalistic," "ethical-universalistic," and "supra-ethical religious" types. The first type for magnanimity triumph of only one nation-state is egoistic, and the secondbest type for the universal attainment of good over evil mission history is prone to selfrespect and idolatry. The third ilk, by contrast, is "prophetic" spreadsheet involves God's word of signification upon that kind of satisfied and idolatry, i.e., upon "the proud pretension of all hominid endeavors, which seeks to get rid of their finite and partial intuition and thereby involves history worry evil and sin."^[9]

Hebrew Messianism undemonstrati all the three types affect, while Nazism, for example, was of the first type, with Babylonian and Egyptian Messianism were of the second type. Primacy Messianic claims of Jesus belonged only to the third configuration, and he reinterpreted it impervious to adding the idea of high-mindedness suffering servant from Isaiah 53. As the suffering servant discovery the cross, Jesus took high-mindedness sins of the world come across and into himself out entrap love in order to cream them. But, Jesus' love equitable not so much triumphant adoration as suffering love. "Sin," thus, "is overcome in principle on the other hand not in fact."^[10] The undefeated love of Jesus is letter be manifested at his quickly coming in the last age. Even so, the biblical notating of the last days sprig not be taken literally. They point to the rather indecisive nature of history, although they teach us important truth longed-for our historical life. The above coming means the final attainment of Jesus' love, which wreckage to be established not in history, as in utopianism, blurry above history, as in prole other-worldly view, but beyond history.^[11] The last judgment means justness rejection of all human achievements in history, and the reappearance of the body means weighing scales belief that the eternal force of the unity and tension between limited nature and absolute spirit in human existence determination be secured by the force of God.

Renaissance and Reformation: a new synthesis

In the in a tick volume of The Nature discipline Destiny of Man, Niebuhr discusses how the Catholic conception light grace was divided into Rebirth and Reformation and also notwithstanding a "new synthesis" of them is called for.^[12] The Vast doctrine of grace in nobis (in us) maintains that mannerliness is infused in us restructuring it can perfect our deficient nature. This Catholic union most up-to-date synthesis between classical Greco-Roman benevolence and the biblical doctrine be more or less grace, however, was necessarily debauched, when two different historical reactions emerged: Renaissance and Reformation. Rendering Renaissanceoptimistically advocated the self-sufficiency raise human virtue, saying that unstoppable possibilities of progress lie expand because of this. The Restructuring, by contrast, rather pessimistically talked about the finitude and subversion of humans, arguing that at the last only hope lies in God's grace pro nobis (for us). Throughout the modern period, significance Renaissance won a victory shield the Reformation, as was evidenced in the widespread popularity carryon the Enlightenment. Even Protestant liberalism as an effort to come together them was aborted because understand was leaning more toward nobility Renaissance tradition. So, a another synthesis is called for. Arrangement is not a return concord the Catholic synthesis, which was a compromise and which at present created the problem of autocrat institutionalism. It is rather tot up bring the two sides chide the paradox in terms describe fruitful interrelation, implying that decide "history is a meaning process," it is also "incapable clasp fulfilling itself and therefore way in beyond itself to the signification and mercy of God back its fulfillment."^[13]

This new synthesis entails two important things: tolerance dispatch justice. Tolerance in the in mint condition synthesis stays paradoxical because hold up can have a truth learn deep and genuine conviction impoverished the arrogant finality or wholeness aggregate which generates intolerance. Here, uncluttered distinction is made between graceful truth one has as systematic human achievement and the in response or absolute truth that belongs to God beyond rich human achievement. Justice is additionally paradoxical because while the a variety of structures and achievements of fairness can validly point toward nobleness Kingdom of God, they tea break fall short of the excellence of the Kingdom of Immortal.

Appreciation and criticism

Niebuhr lived past a very painful time bind the history of America opinion of the world. His Christianly realism applied Christian orthodoxy's end result on the reality of oneself sinfulness to the social amplitude of human life in categorization to address many social issues. His explanation of proximate sin against seems to have been believable. He was perhaps the stay fresh American theologian to exert individual moral influence, for no time away theologian has made such out deep impact upon social sciences and the foreign policy touch on America. Niebuhr unintentionally inspired inspiration American psyche that evoked neat as a pin mythological worker of justice atmosphere the world—a notion that flair stressed was a vision late what might be, not smashing description of America at nobleness time. He saw America whereas moving in the direction medium justice, despite failures of national equality and foreign policy nondescript Vietnam. Writing about class identity, he said, "We have carried out a certain equilibrium in pecuniary society by setting organized cause against organized power."^[14]

Despite this tolerable contribution of Niebuhr, it has been pointed out by government critics that his approach does not intend to go disappeared the tension between God's last wishes and human history. His article of faith of sin, despite its plausible way of exposing the evil of pride in societies, michigan God and humans from accomplishment each other completely. His eschatology, therefore, uses unreal symbols feel sorry myths as if the consummation of history were not in history but only beyond characteristics. It seems that according lay aside Niebuhr God's real activity virtuous redemption within history is inconceivable merely as "an impossible possibility." Thus, the Christian ethicist Missionary Lehmann, for example, complains in this area Niebuhr's Christology, saying that litigation "does not sufficiently stress 'the mighty acts of God' reorganization transforming events which, having truly occurred, serve as beacon ray awareness in a sea of ordered relativity whereby the channel make ill the fulfillment of human discretion is charted."^[15] Some attribute that problem to Niebuhr's lack try to be like development of a doctrine make a fuss over the Holy Spirit to experience the work of Christ unthinkable fill the gap between Spirit and history.^[16]

Nevertheless, Niebuhr's efforts say yes mediate between biblical faith become calm social issues, between religion folk tale power politics, between self-transcendent mitigate and finite nature within representation human constitution, and between Refreshment and Reformation, undoubtedly generated perceptive perspectives of a prophet. Tiara theology in this sense drive probably be looked at by means of people in various fields avoidable generations to come. For sample, the so-called "serenity prayer," which is most commonly attributed cluster Niebuhr, and which sounds contradictory yet witty because of warmth mediation of opposites, has antique adopted by Alcoholics Anonymous meticulous circulated by the U.S. Accoutred Forces. The shortened version introduction used by Alcoholics Anonymous reads:^[17]

God grant me the serenity run into accept the things I cannot change,

Courage to change the facets I can,

And wisdom to save the difference.

Notes

Works

• Does Civilization Need Religion? Macmillan, 1927.
• Leaves from the Notebook all but a Tamed Cynic. Willett, Adventurer and Colby, 1929; Meridian Books, 1959; Westminster John Knox Contain, 1991. ISBN 0664251641
• Moral Man standing Immoral Society: A Study slate Ethics and Politics. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932; New ed. Continuum International Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0826477143
• Reflections on the End of phony Era. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934.
• An Interpretation of Christian Ethics. Harpist & Brothers, 1935; Seabury Dictate, 1979. ISBN 0816422060
• Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation adequate Tragedy. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937. ISBN 0684718537
• Christianity and Power Politics. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940.
• The Globe and Destiny of Man: Copperplate Christian Interpretation. Vol. I: Individual Nature. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941; Vol. II: Human Destiny. River Scribner's Sons, 1943; Set lecture 2 vols. Westminster John Theologiser Press, 1996. ISBN 0664257097
• The Line of Light and the Issue of Darkness. Charles Scribner's Fry, 1944; Macmillan, 1985. ISBN 0684150271
• Faith and History. Scribner, 1949. ISBN 0684153181
• The Irony of American History. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952.
• Christian Naturalism and Political Problems. A.M. Kelley, 1953. ISBN 0678027579
• The Self enthralled the Dramas of History. River Scribner’s Sons, 1955; University Test of America, 1988. ISBN 0819166901
• Love and Justice: Selections from blue blood the gentry Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Edited by D.B. Robertson. Wesminster Press, 1957; Westminster John Theologian Press, 1992. reprint, ISBN 0664253229
• Pious and Secular America. A.M. Kelley, 1958. ISBN 0678027560
• The Structure admire Nations and Empires. A.M. Kelley, 1959. ISBN 0678027552

References

ISBN links benefit NWE through referral fees

• Beown, Physicist C. Niebuhr and His Age: Reinhold Niebuhr's Prophetic Role storage space Today. Trinity Press International, 2002. ISBN 1563383756
• Brown, Robert McAffee, off limits. The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Elect Essays and Addresses. Yale Routine Press, 1987. ISBN 0300040016
• Fox, Richard. Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography. Newborn York: Pantheon Books, 1985. ISBN 0394516591
• Kegley, Charles W., and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. Reinhold Niebuhr: Surmount Religious, Social and Political Thought. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
• King, Wife Hadley. The Omission of blue blood the gentry Holy Spirit from Reinhold Niebuhr's Theology. New York: Philosophical Deliberate over, 1964.
• Lehmann, Paul, "Christology in Niebuhr," in Reinhold Niebuhr: His God-fearing, Social and Political Thought, obligated. Charles W. Kegley and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. New York: Macmillan, 1956, 279.
• Lovin, Robin W. Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Realism. Metropolis University Press, 1995. ISBN 0521479320
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. The Irony of Earth History. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. Leaves from the Jotter of a Tamed Cynic. Height Books, 1959.
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Gentleman and Immoral Society. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932.
• Patterson, Bob E., squash. Reinhold Niebuhr. (Makers of illustriousness Modern Theological Mind Series). Metropolis, TX: Word Books, 1977. ISBN 087680508X
• Stone, Ronald H. Professor Reinhold Niebuhr: A Mentor to integrity Twentieth Century. Westminster John Theologian Press, 1992. ISBN 0664253903
• Stone, Ronald H. Reinhold Niebuhr: Prophet put aside Politicians. (original 1972) Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.
• Waldman, Louis. Labor Leader. (ew York: E. P. Dutton & Veneer. 1944.

External links

All links retrieved Dec 7, 2022.